2024 Innovator of the Year: Shawn Shan builds tools to help artists fight back against exploitative AI

Shawn Shan is one of MIT Technology Review’s 2024 Innovators Under 35. Meet the rest of this year’s honorees. 

When image-generating models such as DALL-E 2, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion kick-started the generative AI boom in early 2022, artists started noticing odd similarities between AI-generated images and those they’d created themselves. Many found that their work had been scraped into massive data sets and used to train AI models, which then produced knockoffs in their creative style. Many also lost work when potential clients used AI tools to generate images instead of hiring artists, and others were asked to use AI themselves and received lower rates. 

Now artists are fighting back. And some of the most powerful tools they have were built by Shawn Shan, 26, a PhD student in computer science at the University of Chicago (and MIT Technology Review’s 2024 Innovator of the Year). 

Shan got his start in AI security and privacy as an undergraduate there and participated in a project that built Fawkes, a tool to protect faces from facial recognition technology. But it was conversations with artists who had been hurt by the generative AI boom that propelled him into the middle of one of the biggest fights in the field. Soon after learning about the impact on artists, Shan and his advisor Ben Zhao (who made our Innovators Under 35 list in 2006) decided to build a tool to help. They gathered input from more than a thousand artists to learn what they needed and how they would use any protective technology. 

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Shan coded the algorithm behind Glaze, a tool that lets artists mask their personal style from AI mimicry. Glaze came out in early 2023, and last October, Shan and his team introduced another tool called Nightshade, which adds an invisible layer of “poison” to images to hinder image-generating AI models if they attempt to incorporate those images into their data sets. If enough poison is drawn into a machine-learning model’s training data, it could permanently break models and make their outputs unpredictable. Both algorithms work by adding invisible changes to the pixels of images that disrupt the way machine-learning models interpret them.

The response to Glaze was both “overwhelming and stressful,” Shan says. The team received backlash from generative AI boosters on social media, and there were several attempts to break the protections.  

But artists loved it. Glaze has been downloaded nearly 3.5 million times (and Nightshade over 700,000). It has also been integrated into the popular new art platform Cara, allowing artists to embed its protection in their work when they upload their images. And Glaze received a distinguished paper award and the Internet Defense Prize at the Usenix Security Symposium, a top computer security conference

Shan’s work has also allowed artists to be creative online again, says Karla Ortiz, an artist who has worked with him and the team to build Glaze and is part of a class action lawsuit against generative AI companies for copyright violation. 

“They do it because they’re passionate about a community that’s been … taken advantage of [and] exploited, and they’re just really invested in it,” says Ortiz. 

It was Shan, Zhao says, who first understood what kinds of protections artists were looking for and realized that the work they did together on Fawkes could help them build Glaze. Zhao describes Shan’s technical abilities as some of the strongest he’s ever seen, but what really sets him apart, he says, is his ability to connect dots across disciplines. “These are the kinds of things that you really can’t train,” Zhao adds.  

Shan says he wants to tilt the power balance back from large corporations to people. 

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“Right now, the AI powerhouses are all private companies, and their job is not to protect people and society,” he says. “Their job is to make shareholders happy.” He aims to show, through his work on Glaze and Nightshade, that AI companies can collaborate with artists and help them benefit from AI or empower them to opt out. Some firms are looking into how they could use the tools to protect their intellectual property. 

Next, Shan wants to build tools to help regulators audit AI models and enforce laws. He also plans to further develop Glaze and Nightshade in ways that could make them easier to apply to other industries, such as gaming, music, or journalism. “I will be in [this] project for life,” he says.

Watch Shan talk about what’s next for his work in a recent interview by Amy Nordrum, MIT Technology Review’s executive editor.